Printer working an early from the 15th century. (engraving date unknown) Publishing is the of, or —the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of also provide to deliver and display the content for the same.
Also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books (the 'book trade'). With the advent of digital information systems and the, the scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources such as the electronic versions of books and periodicals, as well as, and the like. Publishing includes the following stages of development: acquisition, production, (and its ),.
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Is also important as a:. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to or enter;. As the essential precondition of being able to claim; that is, the alleged must have been published, and. For purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of and unpublished works. There are two basic in book publishing:.
Traditional or commercial publishers: Do not charge authors at all to publish their books, for certain rights to publish the work and paying a royalty on books sold. Self-publishing: The author has to meet the total expense to get the book published.
The author should retain full rights, also known as. Contents. History Publishing became possible with the, and became more practical upon the. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually,. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the. The Chinese inventor made of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his printing. Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix.
This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce, and more widely available. Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as or incunabula. 'A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The started in Germany in 1609, with following in 1663. Historically, publishing has been handled by, with the history of progressing slowly until the advent of computers brought us, which has been made evermore ubiquitous from the moment the world went online with the. The in 1989 soon propelled the into a dominant medium of publishing, as websites are easily created by almost anyone with Internet access.
The started shortly thereafter, followed closely by the. Commercial publishing also progressed, as previously printed forms developed into online forms of publishing, distributing,. Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into through the development of content. The process of publishing Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire their staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called. At a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publisher's established circle of writers.
For works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, and the majority come from previously unpublished authors. If the publisher accepts unsolicited, then the manuscript is placed in the, which sift through to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenue potential to be referred to acquisitions editors for review. The acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. The time and number of people involved in the process are dependent on the size of the publishing company, with larger companies having more degrees of assessment between unsolicited submission and publication. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive.
Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict 'no unsolicited submissions' policy and will only accept submissions via a literary agent. This policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, if the author has provided pre-paid postage. Established authors may be represented by a to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of author earnings (varying between 10 and 15 percent) to pay for their services.
Some writers follow a non-standard route to publication. For example, this may include bloggers who have attracted large readerships producing a book based on their websites, books based on, instant 'celebrities' such as, retiring sports figures and in general anyone a publisher feels could produce a marketable book. Such books often employ the services of a. For a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that subsequently becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Acceptance and negotiation Once a work is accepted, negotiate the purchase of rights and agree on rates.
The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed (i.e. The rights match the legal systems under which copyright protections can be enforced). In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the intended formats of publication —, 'trade' and are the most common options.
The situation is slightly more complex if electronic formatting is to be used. Where distribution is to be by or other physical media, there is no reason to treat this form differently from a paper format, and national copyright is an acceptable approach.
But the possibility of Internet download without the ability to restrict physical distribution within national boundaries presents legal problems that are usually solved by selling language or translation rights rather than national rights. Thus, Internet access across the is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read. Having agreed on the scope of the publication and the formats, the parties in a book agreement must then agree on, the percentage of the gross retail price that will be paid to the author, and the. The publisher must estimate the potential sales in each market and balance projected revenue against production costs. Royalties usually range between 10–12% of recommended retail price. An advance is usually 1/3 of the first print run total royalties. For example, if a book has a print run of 5000 copies and will be sold at $14.95 and the author is to receive 10% royalties, the total sum payable to the author if all copies are sold is $7475 (10% x $14.95 x 5000).
The advance in this instance would roughly be $2490. Advances vary greatly between books, with established authors commanding larger advances. Pre-production stages Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins. Editorial stage A decision is taken to publish a work, and the technical legal issues resolved, the author may be asked to improve the quality of the work through rewriting or smaller changes and the staff will the work. Publishers may maintain a, and staff will to ensure that the work matches the style and grammatical requirements of each market. Editors often choose or refine titles and headlines.
Editing may also involve structural changes and requests for more information. Some publishers employ, particularly regarding non-fiction works. Design stage When a final text is agreed upon, the next phase is.
This may include being commissioned or confirmation of layout. In publishing, the word 'art' also indicates photographs. Depending on the number of photographs required by the work, photographs may also be licensed from.
For those works that are particularly rich in illustrations, the publisher may contract a picture researcher to find and license the photographs required for the work. The design process prepares the work for through processes such as, dust jacket composition, specification of paper quality, binding method and casing. The type of book being produced determines the amount of design required. For standard fiction titles, the design is usually restricted to typography and cover design.
For books containing illustrations or images, design takes on a much larger role in laying out how the page looks, how chapters begin and end, colours, typography, cover design and ancillary materials such as posters, catalogue images, and other sales materials. Non-fiction illustrated titles are the most design intensive books, requiring extensive use of images and illustrations, captions, typography and a deep involvement and consideration of the reader experience. The activities of typesetting, page layout, the production of negatives, plates from the negatives and, for hardbacks, the preparation of brasses for the spine legend and are now all computerized. Prepress computerization evolved mainly in about the last twenty years of the 20th century. If the work is to be distributed electronically, the final files are saved in formats appropriate to the target operating systems of the hardware used for reading. These may include files.
Sales and marketing stage The sales and marketing stage is closely intertwined with the editorial process. As front cover images are produced, or chapters are edited, sales people may start talking about the book with their customers to build early interest. Publishing companies often produce advanced information sheets that may be sent to customers or overseas publishers to gauge possible sales.
As early interest is measured, this information feeds back through the editorial process and may affect the formatting of the book and the strategy employed to sell it. For example, if interest from foreign publishers is high, co-publishing deals may be established whereby publishers share printing costs in producing large print runs thereby lowering the per-unit cost of the books. Conversely, if initial feedback is not strong, the print-run of the book may be reduced, the marketing budget cut or, in some cases, the book is dropped from publication altogether. Printing After the end of editing and design work, the printing phase begins. The first step involves the production of a, which the printers send for final checking and sign-off by the publisher.
This proof shows the book precisely as it will appear once printed and represents the final opportunity for the publisher to find and correct any errors. Some printing companies use electronic proofs rather than printed proofs. Once the publisher has approved the proofs, printing – the physical production of the printed work – begins. Recently new printing process have emerged, such as (POD).
The book is written, edited, and designed as usual, but it is not printed until the publisher receives an order for the book from a customer. This procedure ensures low costs for storage and reduces the likelihood of printing more books than will be sold. Web-to-print enables a more streamlined way of connecting customers to printing through an online medium. Main article: In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process.
It involves folding the printed sheets, 'securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials'. Distribution The final stage in publication involves making the product available to the public, usually by offering it for sale.
In previous centuries, authors frequently also acted as their own editor, printer, and bookseller, but these functions have become separated. Once a book, newspaper, or another publication is printed, the publisher may use a variety of channels to distribute it. Books are most commonly sold through and through other retailers. Newspapers and magazines are typically sold in advance directly by the publisher to, and then distributed either through the postal system.
Periodicals are also frequently sold through and vending machines. Within the book industry, printers often fly some copies of the finished book to publishers as sample copies to aid sales or to be sent out for pre-release reviews. The remaining books often travel from the printing facility via sea freight. Accordingly, the delay between the approval of the pre-press proof and the arrival of books in a warehouse, much less in a retail store, can take some months. For books that tie into movie release-dates (particularly for ), publishers will arrange books to arrive in store up to two months prior to the movie release to build interest in the movie. Publishing as a business. Derided in the as 'a purely commercial affair' that cared more about profits than about literary quality, publishing is fundamentally a business, with a need for the expenses of creating, producing, and distributing a book or other publication not to exceed the income derived from its sale.
Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies and having global publishing operations. The publisher usually controls the and other tasks, but may various aspects of the process to specialist publisher marketing agencies. In many companies, editing, proofreading, layout, design, and other aspects of the production process are done. Dedicated in-house salespeople are sometimes replaced by companies who specialize in sales to bookshops, wholesalers, and chain stores for a fee.
This trend is accelerating as retail book chains and supermarkets have centralized their buying. If the entire process up to the stage of printing is handled by an outside company or individuals, and then sold to the publishing company, it is known as. This is a common strategy between smaller publishers in different territorial markets where the company that first buys the intellectual property rights then sells a package to other publishers and gains an immediate return on capital invested. The first publisher will often print sufficient copies for all markets and thereby get the maximum quantity efficiency on the print run for all. Some businesses maximize their profit margins through; book publishing is not one of them.
Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis. The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process.
It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book. Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:. 45% to the retailer.
10% to the wholesaler. 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out).
7.15% to the publisher for marketing. 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production. 15% to the author (royalties) There is a common misconception that publishing houses make large profits and that authors are the lowest paid in the publishing chain. However, most publishers make little profit from individual titles, with 75% of books not breaking even.
Approximately 80% of the cost of a book is taken up by the expenses of preparing, distributing, and printing (with printing being one of the lowest costs of all). On successful titles, publishing companies will usually make around 10% profit, with the author(s) receiving 8–15% of the retail price.
However, given that authors are usually individuals, are often paid advances irrespective of whether the book turns a profit and do not normally have to split profits with others, it makes them the highest paid individuals in the publishing process. Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%) are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.
is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing. In 2005, announced its purchase of Booksurge and selfsanepublishing, a major 'print on demand' operation. CreateSpace is the Amazon subsidiary that facilitates publishing by small presses and individual authors. Books published via CreateSpace are sold on Amazon and other outlets, with Amazon extracting a very high percentage of the sales proceeds for the services of publishing.
Printing and distributing. One of the largest bookseller chains, Barnes & Noble, already runs its successful imprint with both new titles and classics — hardback editions of out-of-print former best sellers. Similarly, Ingram Industries, the parent company of Ingram Book Group (a leading US book wholesaler), now includes its print-on-demand division called Lightning Source.
In 2013, Ingram launched a small press and self-publishing arm called Ingram Spark. Payment terms are much closer to those of Amazon and less favorable than those they offer to more established publishers via Lightning Source. Among publishers, recently announced that it will start selling its backlist titles directly to consumers through its website. Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail. Industry sub-divisions Newspaper publishing. 'Book publishing company' redirects here.
For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see. The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry. Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States. Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist.
Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the publisher of record for a book is the entity in whose name the book's is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher. Approximately 60% of English-language books are produced through the 'Big Five' publishing houses:,. (See also:.) Directory publishing Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry.
These publishers produce mailing lists, and other types of directories. With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online. Academic publishing. Main article: Academic publishers are typically either book or periodical publishers that have specialized in academic subjects. Some, like, are owned by scholarly institutions. Others are commercial businesses that focus on academic subjects. The development of the represented a revolution for communicating the latest hypotheses and research results to the academic community and supplemented what a scholar could do personally.
But this improvement in the created a challenge for libraries, which have had to accommodate the weight and volume of literature. One of the key functions that academic publishers provide is to manage the process of.
Their role is to facilitate the impartial assessment of research and this vital role is not one that has yet been usurped, even with the advent of social networking and online document sharing. Today, publishing academic journals and textbooks is a large part of an international industry. Critics claim that standardised accounting and profit-oriented policies have displaced the publishing ideal of providing access to all. In contrast to the commercial model, there is publishing, where the publishing organization is either organised specifically for the purpose of publishing, such as a, or is one of the functions of an organisation such as a medical charity, founded to achieve specific practical goals. An alternative approach to the corporate model is, the online distribution of individual articles and academic journals without charge to readers and libraries. The pioneers of Open Access journals are and the Public Library of Science. Many commercial publishers are experimenting with hybrid models where certain articles or government funded articles are made free due to authors' payment of processing charges, and other articles are available as part of a subscription or individual article purchase.
Tie-in publishing. Main article: Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications. Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/ and Wizards of the Coast (, etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as.
These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest. Independent publishing alternatives. See also: Writers in a specialized field or with a narrower appeal have found smaller alternatives to the mass market in the form of. More recently, these options include and format. These publishing alternatives provide an avenue for authors who believe that mainstream publishing will not meet their needs or who are in a position to make more money from direct sales than they could from sales, such as popular speakers who sell books after speeches.
Authors are more readily published by this means due to the much lower costs involved. Recent developments The 21st century has brought some new technological changes to the publishing industry.
These changes include,. E-books have been quickly growing in availability in major publishing markets such as the USA and the UK since 2005., and have been leaders in working with publishers and libraries to digitize books.
As of early 2011, Amazon's reading device is a significant force in the market, along with the and the from. Along with the growing popularity of e-books, some companies like and have pursued the subscription model, providing members unlimited access to a content library on a variety of digital reading devices.
The ability to quickly and cost-effectively print on demand has meant that publishers no longer have to store books at warehouses, if the book is in low or unknown demand. This is a huge advantage to small publishers who can now operate without large overheads and large publishers who can now cost-effectively sell their backlisted items. Uses the digitization of books to mark up books into and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to consumers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for, eye tracking problems and, as well as,.
Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis. A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone. An increasing number of authors are using online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.
These authors can use free services such as or Amazon's to have their book available for worldwide sale. There is an obvious attraction for first time authors who have been repeatedly rejected by the existing agent/publisher model to explore this opportunity. However, a consequence of this change in the mechanics of book distribution is that there is now no mandatory check on author skill or even their ability to spell, and any person with an internet connection can publish whatever they choose, regardless of the literary merit or even basic readability of their writing. Standardization Refer to the divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information. Legal issues. Main article: Publication is the distribution of copies or to the. The requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.
In the, 'publication' is defined in article VI as 'the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived.' In providing a work to the general public, the publisher takes responsibility for the publication in a way that a mere printer or a shopkeeper does not. For example, publishers may face charges of, if they produce and distribute libelous material to the public, even if the libel was written by another person. Privishing Privishing ( private publ ishing) is a modern term for publishing a book in such a small amount, or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support from the publisher, that the book effectively does not reach the public. The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be special-ordered and will have a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusals to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as 'killed'.
Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute, or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time). Steven, Daniel. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Steven, Daniel. Retrieved 1 March 2018., 'Printing' in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, edd. Charles Singer et al.
(Oxford 1957), p. Cited from, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980). Harper (2004). Retrieved 28 May 2010.
Hannett, John (2010) 1836. Cambridge Library Collection: Printing and Publishing History (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Binding is the art of folding the sheets of a book, securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the whole with leather or other materials. Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
Cambridge University Press. Random House, Inc. Retrieved 13 August 2008. Penguin Books Ltd.
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Kindle Review. Archived from on 24 December 2013. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009). Department of Labor. Retrieved 28 May 2010. IPA Global. Losowsky, Andrew (20 February 2013).
Huffington Post. Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), 'Caves of the Thousand Buddhas', 1990, British Museum publications,. Dwight Garner (20 May 2008). Retrieved 19 November 2012.
Kanter, James (2 December 2008). Green blogs, New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
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Contents. History The history of textbooks dates back to civilizations of ancient history. For example, wrote texts intended for education. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press.
Himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g., alphabet books), as well as individuals who taught themselves. The Greek philosopher lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing. Before the invention of the 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like 's epic poems.
The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Ironically, we know about Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his student in his famous Dialogues.) The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type.
The invention is attributed to German metalsmith, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw to transfer the image onto paper. Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing effort was the now iconic in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old Testament and the. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was expensive, printed books began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next 50 years, and by the 16th century, printed books had become more widely accessible and less costly. And the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children.
Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century and the 19th century. Technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have access to electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems and video lectures.
An example of an electronically published book, or e-book, is from. Most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing commercial publishers and offering their textbooks under a or other open license. Market The 'broken market' The textbook market does not operate in the same manner as most consumer markets. First, the end consumers (students) do not select the product, and the people (faculty and professors) who do select the product do not purchase it. Therefore, price is removed from the purchasing decision, giving the producer (publishers) disproportionate market power to set prices high.
However, some argue that textbooks are really part of another product; the class that the student registered to take. But the price of the textbook still isn't typically taken into account when this occurs and isn't part of the perception of the product. This fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the primary reason that prices are high. The term 'broken market' first appeared in the economist James Koch's analysis of the market commissioned by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market.
In the past few decades has reduced the number of major textbook companies from around 30 to just a handful. Consequently, there is less competition than there used to be, and the high cost of starting up keeps new companies from entering. New editions and the used book market Students seek relief from rising prices through the purchase of of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive. Most college bookstores offer used copies of textbooks at lower prices. Most bookstores will also buy used copies back from students at the end of a term if the book is going to be re-used at the school. Books that are not being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. Textbook companies have countered this by encouraging faculty to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website.
If a student has a new textbook, then he or she can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. If the student has purchased a used textbook, then he or she must pay money directly to the publisher in order to access the website and complete assigned homework. Students who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers. Most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math & science. Harvard economics chair James K.
Stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvements to the content. 'New editions are to a considerable extent simply another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to keep up prices,' A study conducted by The Student found that a new edition costs 12% more than a new copy of previous edition, and 58% more than a used copy of the previous edition. Textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven by faculty demand. The Student PIRGs' study found that 76% of faculty said new editions were justified “half of the time or less” and 40% said they were justified “rarely” or “never.” The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student. The Student PIRGs also point out that recent emphasis on electronic textbooks, or 'eTextbooks,' does not always save students money. Even though the book costs less up-front, the student will not recover any of the cost through resale. Bundling Another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is 'bundling,' or shrink-wrapping supplemental items into a textbook.
Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus material. Students do not always have the option to purchase these items separately, and often the one-time-use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook. According to the Student PIRGs, the typical bundled textbook is 10%-50% more than an unbundled textbook, and 65% of professors said they “rarely” or “never” use the bundled items in their courses.
Main article: The latest trend in textbooks is 'open textbooks.' An is a free, openly licensed textbook offered online by its author(s). According to PIRG, a number of textbooks already exist, and are being used at schools such as MIT and Harvard. A 2010 study published found that open textbooks offer a viable and attractive means to meet faculty and student needs while offering savings of approximately 80% compared to traditional textbook options. Although the largest question seems to be who is going to pay to write them, several state policies suggest that public investment in open textbooks might make sense.
To offer another perspective , any jurisdiction might find itself challenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in order to make such a proposal work. The other challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with good sales and profitability subsidize the creation and publication of low demand but believed to be necessary textbooks. Subsidies skew markets and the elimination of subsidies is disruptive; in the case of low demand textbooks the possibilities following subsidy removal include any or all of the following: higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, a reduction of the number of titles published. On the other hand, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing.
Most notably, the startup publisher already has dozens of college-level open textbooks that are used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries. Their business model was to offer the open textbook free online, and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to buy if prices are reasonable - print copies, study guides,.Mobi , download, etc. Flat World Knowledge compensates its authors with on these sales. With the generated revenue Flat World Knowledge funded high-quality publishing activities with a goal of making the Flat World financial model sustainable. However, in January, 2013 Flat World Knowledge announced their financial model could no longer sustain their free-to-read options for students. Flat World Knowledge intends to have open textbooks available for the 125 highest-enrolled courses on college campuses within the next few years.
Are the open textbooks designed for United States K-12 courses. CK-12 FlexBooks are designed to facilitate conformance to national and United States and individual state textbook standards.
CK-12 FlexBooks are licensed under a license. CK-12 FlexBooks are free to use online and offer formats suitable for use on portable personal reading devices and computers - both online and offline. Formats for both and are offered.
School districts may select a title as is or customize the open textbook to meet local instructional standards. The file may be then accessed electronically or printed using any service without paying a royalty, saving 80% or more when compared to traditional textbook options. An example print on demand open textbook title, 'College Algebra' by Stitz & Zeager through Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $20 ordered one at a time (March, 2011). (Any print on demand service could be used - this is just an example. School districts could easily negotiate even lower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities.) Teacher's editions are available for educators and parents. Titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for quality prior to inclusion in the CK-12 catalog.
An effort is underway to map state educational standards correlations. Provided a number of titles in use. Is another modular K-12 content non-profit 'empowering educators to deliver and share curricula.' Selected Curriki materials are also correlated to U.S. State educational standards. Some Curriki content has been collected into open textbooks and some may be used for modular lessons or special topics. International market pricing Similar to the issue of reimportation of into the U.S.
Market, the GAO report also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. Retailers and publishers have expressed concern about the re-importation of lower-priced textbooks from international locations. Specifically, they cited the ability students have to purchase books from online distribution channels outside the United States at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores find it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some U.S. Retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scale by ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the 1998 decision protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials under the, textbook publishers have still attempted to prevent the U.S.
Sale of international editions by enforcing contracts which forbid foreign wholesalers from selling to American distributors. Concerned about the effects of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has called on publishers to stop the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices outside the United States. For example, some U.S. Booksellers arrange for drop-shipments in foreign countries which are then re-shipped to America where the books can be sold online at used prices (for a 'new' unopened book). The authors often getting half-royalties instead of full-royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores.
Production Cost distribution According to the National Association of College Stores, the entire cost of the book is justified by expenses, with typically 11.7% of the price of a new book going to the author's royalties (or a committee of editors at the publishing house), 22.7% going to the store, and 64.6% going to the publisher. The store and publisher amounts are slightly higher for Canada. Bookstores and used-book vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market, with publishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks. Research According to the GAO study published July 2005: Following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades. Rising at an average of 6 percent each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall average price increases of 3 percent per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year.
Since December 1986, textbook and supply prices have nearly tripled, increasing by 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall prices grew by 72 percent. While increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost of textbooks and supplies for degree-seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type of institution attended. For example, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student for academic year 2003-2004 was $898 at 4-year public institutions, or about 26 percent of the cost of tuition and fees.
At 2-year public institutions, where low-income students are more likely to pursue a degree program and tuition and fees are lower, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing almost three-quarters of the cost of tuition and fees. According to the 2nd edition of a study by the United States Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published in February 2005 : 'Textbook prices are increasing at more than four times the inflation rate for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index. The wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62 percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14 percent. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the same time period.' According to the 2007 edition of the College Board’s Trend in College Pricing Report published October 2007 : 'College costs continue to rise and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at about 5 percent.' K-12 textbooks In most U.S. Public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from a selection of books that have been approved by the state Department of Education.
Teachers receive the books to give to the students for each subject. Teachers are usually not required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to use other materials instead. Textbook publishing in the U.S. Is a business primarily aimed at large states.
This is due to state purchasing controls over the books, most notably in Texas, where the sets curricula for all courses taught by the state's 1,000+ school districts, and therefore also approves which textbooks can be purchased. High school In recent years, high school textbooks of United States history have come under increasing criticism. Authors such as ( ), ( ) and ( ), make the claim that textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint a whitewashed picture that bears little resemblance to what most students learn in universities. Inaccurately retelling history, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient to the (USSR) and the. The content of history textbooks is often determined by the political forces of state adoption boards and ideological pressure groups. Science textbooks have been the source of ongoing debates and have come under scrutiny from several organizations. The presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in several court cases.
Poorly designed textbooks have been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and science in the United States and organizations such as the (AAAS) have criticized the layout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks. Discussions of textbooks have been included on and in the public education debate.
The case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks. In his book, the late physics laureate described his experiences as a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks. At some instances, there were nonsensical examples to illustrate physical phenomena; then a company sent — for reasons of timing — a textbook that contained blank pages, which even got good critiques. Feynman himself experienced attempts at bribery.
Mathematics. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged.
( May 2016) Largely in the US, but increasingly in other nations, K-12 Mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversies of and which have sought to replace in what have been called the. Traditional texts, still favored in Asia and other areas, merely taught the same time-tested mathematics that most adults have learned.
By contrast 'progressive' approaches seek to address problems in social inequity with approaches that often incorporate principles of and discovery. Texts such as and discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long division and lowest common denominators. For example, an index entry to multiply fractions would lead to 'devise your own method to multiply fractions which work on these examples', and the formula for the area of a circle would be an exercise for a student to derive rather than including it in the student text. By the 2000s, while some districts were still adopting the more novel methods, others had abandoned them as unworkable. Higher education In the U.S., college and university textbooks are chosen by the professor teaching the course, or by the department as a whole.
Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are available in some instances. In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise. With higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks, which in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs.
The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decades. A 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and that prices increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,” reported that the average U.S. Student spends $700–$1000 per year on textbooks. While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to any one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward and other lower-cost digital solutions.
Textbook prices are considerably higher in law school. Students ordinarily pay close to $200 for case books consisting of cases available free online. Textbook bias on controversial topics In cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, 'the writer might be biased towards one way or another. Topics such as actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are common potential biases'. See also. 'the innovator who first introduced pictorial textbooks, written in native language instead of Latin, applied effective teaching based on the natural gradual growth from simple to more comprehensive concepts, supported lifelong learning and development of logical thinking by moving from dull memorization'.
1658 textbook by, one of the first books with pictures for children. A special type of textbook used in. 2013 decision of the US Supreme Court regarding textbook resale. – collection of texts, often used in social sciences and humanities in the United States. Usually filled with practice problems, where the answers can be written directly in the book.
A textbook, usually graduate level, organized as a series of problems and full solutions. A textbook licensed under an open copyright license, and made available online to be freely used References. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.).
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Archived from on 23 May 2011. But, in fact, no revenue from used book sales flows either to the publisher or to the author of the work. New editions serve to keep revenues flowing to publishers and authors, but do not affect prices paid for used older editions. D'Gama, Alissa and Benjamin Jaffe. ' 2008-05-17 at the.' The Harvard Crimson, 4 March 2008. Retrieved on 7 October 2011.
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American Reading Forum Annual Yearbook Vol. Berkeley, Sheri, et al. 'Are History Textbooks More 'Considerate' After 20 Years?'
Journal of Special Education (2014) 47#4 PP: 217-230. Buczynski, James A. 'Faculty begin to replace textbooks with 'freely' accessible online resources.' Internet Reference Services Quarterly (2007) 11#4 pp: 169-179. Campbell, Alex, and Mr Flint.
'New Digital Tools Let Professors Tailor Their Own Textbooks for Under $20 And that's just one option, along with mix-and-match Web sites from big publishers and libraries of open-source content.' Chronicle of Higher Education (October 9, 2011). Carbaugh, Robert, and Koushik Ghosh. 'Are college textbooks priced fairly?'
Challenge (2005) 48#5 pp: 95-112. Casper, Scott E.; et al. 'Textbooks Today and Tomorrow: A Conversation about History, Pedagogy, and Economics'. Journal of American History. 100 (4): 1139–1169. Chiappetta, Eugene L., and David A. 'Analysis of five high school biology textbooks used in the United States for inclusion of the nature of science.'
International Journal of Science Education (2007) 29#15 pp: 1847-1868. Doering, Torsten, Luiz Pereira, and L. 'The use of e-textbooks in higher education: A case study.' Berlin (Germany): E-Leader (2012). Elliott, David L., and Arthur Woodward, eds. Textbooks and schooling in the United States Vol. Kahveci, Ajda.
'Quantitative analysis of science and chemistry textbooks for indicators of reform: A complementary perspective.' International Journal of Science Education (2010) 32#11 pp: 1495-1519. Koulaidis, Vasilis, and Anna Tsatsaroni. 'A pedagogical analysis of science textbooks: How can we proceed?' Research in Science Education (1996) 26#1 pp: 55-71.
Liang, Ye, and William W. 'Analysis of a Typical Chinese High School Biology Textbook Using the AAAS Textbook Standards.' . Myers, Gregory A (1992).
'Textbooks and the sociology of scientific knowledge'. English for Specific purposes. 11 (1): 3–17. Richardson, Paul W.
'Reading and writing from textbooks in higher education: a case study from Economics.' Studies in Higher Education (2004) 29#4: 505-521.; on Australia. Roediger III, Henry L.
'Writing Textbooks: Why Doesn’t It Count?' Observer (2004) 17#5.
Silver, Lawrence S., Robert E. Stevens, and Kenneth E. 'Marketing professors’ perspectives on the cost of college textbooks: a pilot study.' Journal of Education for Business (2012) 87#1 pp: 1-6. Stone, Robert W., and Lori J. 'Students’ intentions to purchase electronic textbooks.'
Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2013) 25#1 pp: 27-47. Weiten, Wayne.
'Objective features of introductory psychology textbooks as related to professors' impressions.' Teaching of Psychology (1988) 15#1 pp: 10-16. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. External links.